Kerala's society was historically characterized by a rigid caste hierarchy, with the so-called Upper caste, followed by intermediate castes and the lower castes or untouchables. Islam's egalitarian principles, emphasizing equality before God, provided an attractive alternative to the oppressive caste system. Many individuals from oppressed castes and marginalized communities found social mobility and dignity through conversion to Islam.
The Muslims were generally respected within their communities, and those from lower castes who converted to Islam experienced a significant improvement in social standing. Many of the oppressed found solace at the feet of Muslim spiritual leaders. Additionally, local slaves who served Muslim merchants frequently adopted their masters' religion, thereby enhancing their social status and integrating into a more inclusive community. The local Hindu rulers also facilitated the spread of Islam by providing amenities to Muslims, recognizing the value of trade relationships. Foreign merchants often found greater security and respect in Malabar than in their homelands. Muslim spiritual leaders and migrant Sayyids often became saviors of peasants and the downtrodden, offering them support when neglected by the higher Hindu castes.
Some landlords also converted to Islam, either out of fear of persecution by the rulers or in hopes of securing higher positions in a cast driven society.
The Nair militia of the Zamorin considered crossing the sea a taboo, rendering them unwilling to engage in naval battles against the Portuguese. To address this limitation, the Zamorin encouraged lower-class Hindus to convert en masse to Islam and assist the Kunhalis (who were Muslims) in strengthening naval power to fight the Portuguese effectively. Mass conversions of tenants occurred as they sought refuge from persecution and hoped for spiritual salvation, including a place in paradise if they died during the struggles.
